![]() In the 1970s, Smalltalk influenced the Lisp community to incorporate object-based techniques that were introduced to developers via the Lisp machine. While Smalltalk was influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67 it was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically. Smalltalk went through various versions and interest in the language grew. Smalltalk became noted for its application of object orientation at the language-level and its graphical development environment. Smalltalk-72 included a programming environment and was dynamically typed, and at first was interpreted, not compiled. In the 1970s, the first version of the Smalltalk programming language was developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls and Adele Goldberg. The object-oriented Simula programming language was used mainly by researchers involved with physical modelling, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. Simula introduced important concepts that are today an essential part of object-oriented programming, such as class and object, inheritance, and dynamic binding. Īlso, an MIT ALGOL version, AED-0, established a direct link between data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) and procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods", and "member functions". I thought of objects being like biological cells and/or individual computers on a network, only able to communicate with messages (so messaging came at the very beginning – it took a while to see how to do messaging in a programming language efficiently enough to be useful).Īnother early MIT example was Sketchpad created by Ivan Sutherland in 1960–1961 in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction. A 1976 MIT memo co-authored by Barbara Liskov lists Simula 67, CLU, and Alphard as object-oriented languages, but does not mention Smalltalk. Although sometimes called "the father of object-oriented programming", Alan Kay has differentiated his notion of OO from the more conventional abstract data type notion of object, and has implied that the computer science establishment did not adopt his notion. In the environment of the artificial intelligence group, as early as 1960, "object" could refer to identified items ( LISP atoms) with properties (attributes) Alan Kay later cited a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966, and that he used the term "object-oriented programming" in conversation as early as 1967. ![]() Terminology invoking "objects" in the modern sense of object-oriented programming made its first appearance at MIT in the late 1950s and early 1960s. ![]() Through inheritance a subclass can be created as subset of the Button class. ![]() This Button class has variables for data, and functions. Significant object-oriented languages include: Ada, ActionScript, C++, Common Lisp, C#, Dart, Eiffel, Fortran 2003, Haxe, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Logo, MATLAB, Objective-C, Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Raku, Ruby, Scala, SIMSCRIPT, Simula, Smalltalk, Swift, Vala and Visual Basic.NET. Many of the most widely used programming languages (such as C++, Java, Python, etc.) are multi-paradigm and they support object-oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with imperative, procedural programming. OOP languages are diverse, but the most popular ones are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes, which also determine their types. In OOP, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another. In this brand of OOP, there is usually a special name such as this or self used to refer to the current object. Object-oriented programming ( OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods).Ī common feature of objects is that methods are attached to them and can access and modify the object's data fields. For other meanings of object-oriented, see Object-orientation.
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